NCERT Solutions for Class 12th: Ch 12 Biotechnology and its Applications Biology
Page No: 215
Exercises
(a) bacteria are resistant to the toxin
(b) toxin is immature;
(c) toxin is inactive;
(d) bacteria encloses toxin in a special sac.
Answer
Toxin is inactive:
In bacteria, the toxin is present in an inactive form, called prototoxin, which gets converted into active form when it enters the body of an insect.
2. What are transgenic bacteria? Illustrate using any one example.
Answer
Transgenic bacteria contain foreign gene that is intentionally introduced into its genome. They are manipulated to express the desirable gene for the production of various commercially important products.
An example of transgenic bacteria is E.coli. In the plasmid of E.coli, the two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chain of human insulin are inserted, so as to produce the respective human insulin chains. Hence, after the insertion of insulin gene into the bacterium, it becomes transgenic and starts producing chains of human insulin. after that, these chains are extracted from E.coli and combined to form human insulin.
3. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of production of genetically modified crops.
Answer
The production of genetically modified (GM) or transgenic plants has several advantages.
(i) Most of the genetically modified crops have been developed for pest resistance, which increases the crop productivity and reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides.
(ii) Many varieties of genetically modified food crops have been developed, which has good nutritional quality. For example, golden rice is a transgenic variety in rice, which is rich in vitamin A.
(iii) These plants prevent the loss of fertility of soil by increasing the efficiency of mineral usage.
(iv) They are highly resistant to unfavourable abiotic conditions.
(v) The use of genitically modified crops decreases the post harvesting loss of crops.
But, there are certain controversies regarding the use of genetically modified crops around the world. The use of these crops can affect the native biodiversity in an area. For example, the use of Bt toxin to decrease the amount of pesticide is posing a threat for beneficial insect pollinators such as honey bee. If the gene expressed for Bt toxin gets expressed in the pollen, then the honey bee might be affected. As a result, the process of pollination by honey bees would be affected. Also, genetically modified crops are affecting human health. They supply allergens and certain antibiotic resistance markers in the body. Also, they can cause genetic pollution in the wild relatives of the crop plants. Hence, it is affecting our natural environment.
Page No: 216
4. What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produce it. How has man exploited this protein to his benefit?
Answer
Cry proteins are encoded by cry genes. These are toxins, which are produced by Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria. This bacterium contains these proteins in their inactive from. When the inactive toxin protein is ingested by the insect, it gets activated by the alkaline pH of the gut of the insects. This results in the lysis of epithelial cell and gradually the death of the insect. Thus, man has exploited this protein to develop certain transgenic crops with insect resistance.
For example- Bt cotton, Bt corn, etc.
5. What is gene therapy? Illustrate using the example of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
Answer
Gene therapy is a technique for correcting a defective gene through gene manipulation. It involves the insertion of a normal gene into the person to replace the affected gene.
For example, the introduction of gene for adenosine deaminase (ADA) in ADA deficient individual. The adenosine deaminase enzyme is important for the normal functioning of the immune system. The individual suffering from this disorder can be cured by transplantation of bone marrow cells. The first step involves the extraction of lymphocyte from the patient's bone marrow. Then, a functional gene for ADA is introduced into lymphocytes with the help of retrovirus. These treated lymphocytes containing ADA gene are then introduced into the patient's bone marrow. Thus, the gene gets activated producing functional T- lymphocytes and activating the patient's immune system.
6. Digrammatically represent the experimental steps in cloning and expressing an human gene (say the gene for growth hormone) into a bacterium like E. coli ?
Answer
DNA cloning is a method of producing multiple identical copies of specific template DNA. It involves the use of a vector to carry the specific foreign DNA fragment into the host cell. The mechanism of cloning and transfer of gene for growth hormone into E.coli is represented below.
7. Can you suggest a method to remove oil (hydrocarbon) from seeds based on your understanding of rDNA technology and chemistry of oil?
Answer
Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA) is a technique used for manipulating the genetic material of an organism to obtain the desired result.
For example, this technology is used for removing oil from seeds. The costituentsf oil are glycerol and fatty acids. Using rDNA, one can obtain oilless seeds by stoping the synthesis of either glycerol or fatty acids. This is done by removing the specific gene responsible for the synthesis.
8. Find out from internet what is golden rice.
Answer
• Golden rice is a genetically modified variety of rice, Oryza sativa,which has been developed as a fortified food for areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A.
• It contains a precursor of pro-vitamin A, called beta-carotene, which has been introduced into the rice through genetic engineering.
• The rice plant naturally produces beta-carotene pigment in its leaves. However, it is absent in the endosperm of the seed. This is because beta-carotene pigment helps in the process of photosynthesis while photosynthesis does not occur in endosperm.
• Since beta-carotene is a precursor of pro-vitamin A, it is introduced into the rice variety to fulfill the shortage of dietary vitamin A. It is simple and a less expensive alternative to vitamin supplements.
• However, this variety of rice has faced a significant opposition from environment activites. Therefore, they are still not available in market for human consumption.
9. Does our blood have proteases and nucleases?
Answer
No, human blood does not include the enzymes, nucleases and proteases. In human beings, blood serum contains different types of protease inhibitors, which protect the blood proteins from being broken down by the action of proteases. The enzyme, nucleases, catalyses the hydrolysis of nucleic acids that is absent in blood.
10. Consult internet and find out how to make orally active protein pharmaceutical. What is the major problem to be encountered?
Answer
Protein pharmaceutical cannot be taken orally because they can be degraded by the proteases of our alimentary canal.
Thus, major problem to be encountered is the action of digestive enzymes. It has to be made digestible for the digestive system and also protect it from the degradation of HCl present in stomach so it is coated by a film that is resistant to protein degrading enzymes.
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