Study Material and Notes of Ch 11 Force and Pressure Class 8th Science
Topics in the chapter
• Introduction
• Force
→ Push
→ Pull
• Muscular Force
• Friction
• Magnetic Force
• Electrostatic Force
• Gravitational Force
• Pressure
• Fluid
• Atmospheric Pressure
Introduction
→ Actions like picking, opening, shutting, kicking, hitting, lifting, flicking, pushing, pulling are often used to describe certain tasks.
→ Each of these actions usually results in some kind of change in the motion of an object.
Force
→ A push or pull on an object is called a force.
• Push: When an object is moving away from the applier of force.
• Pull: When an object is moving towards the applier of force.
→ Force is a push or a pull which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion, or direction of motion or the shape or size of a body.
→ Force is any action that has the tendency to change the position, shape, or size of an object.
→ Interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects.
→ The effect of force depends on the magnitude and direction of the force.
→ Force applied in the same direction added to one another.
→ Force applied in the opposite direction, the net force is given by the difference of two forces.
→ Force can move a body initially at rest.
→ Force can bring a moving body to rest.
→ Force can change the direction of a moving body.
→ Force can change the speed of a moving body.
→Force can change the shape of a body.
→ Force can change the size of a body.
Muscular force
→ It involves the action of muscles.
→ Animals make use of muscular force to carry out their physical activities and other tasks.
Friction
→ It is an opposing force that acts between surfaces in contact moving with respect to each other.
→ The direction of force of friction is always opposite to the direction of motion.
→ Frictional force always acts between two moving objects, which are in contact with one another.
→ Frictional force always acts opposite to the direction of motion.
→ Frictional force depends on the nature of the surface in contact.
→ Non-contact force come into play even when the bodies are not in contact.
Magnetic force
→ Force acting between two magnets or a magnet and a magnetic material.
Example: iron, steel, nickel, cobalt etc.).
→ It can be attractive and repulsive.
Electrostatic force
→ Force due to electric charges.
→ It can be attractive and repulsive.
Gravitational force
→ It is a kind of attractive force that comes into play because of the mass of a body.
Example: earth's gravitational attraction.
Pressure
→ The force acting per unit area of surface is called pressure.
• Pressure = Force/Area on which it acts
→ The unit of pressure is Newton per square meter (N/m2), which is also known as Pascal.
→ Smaller the area larger the pressure for the same force.
→ Liquids exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
→ Pressure exerted by liquids increases with depth.
→ Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth.
→ The pressure at which water comes out of the holes is directly proportional to its depth.
Fluid
→ Substance which can flow and has no fixed shape
• Pressure due to a liquid column of height h (p) = hrg
where, h = Height of column
r = Density of fluid
g = Acceleration due to gravity
→ Pressure inside a fluid increases with increase in depth and density of the fluid.
→ Water and gas exert pressure on the walls of their container.
→ Atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth.
• Atmospheric pressure = Weight of the atmosphere per unit area.
Pressure inside our body is equal to the atmospheric pressure and cancels the pressure from out side.
Air surrounding the Earth: atmosphere
Air exerts pressure on its surroundings: thrust on unit area is called atmospheric pressure