Notes of Ch 16 Biodiversity and Conservation| Class 11th Geography
Introduction
• Biodiversity is a system in constant evolution, from a view point of species, as well as from view point of an individual organism
• Biodiversity is not found evenly on the earth.
• Biodiversity itself is a combination of two words, Bio (life) and diversity (variety). In simple terms, biodiversity is the number and variety of organisms found within a specified geographic region.
• It refers to the varieties of plants, animals and micro-organisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystems they form. It relates to the variability among living organisms on the earth, including the variability within and between the species and that within and between the ecosystems.
• Biodiversity can be discussed at three levels:
(i) Genetic diversity;
(ii) Species diversity;
(iii) Ecosystem diversity
Genetic Diversity
• Genes are the basic building blocks of various life forms. Genetic biodiversity refers to the variation of genes within species.
• Groups of individual organisms having certain similarities in their physical characteristics are called species.
• Human beings genetically belong to the homo sapiens group and also differ in their characteristics such as height, colour, physical appearance, etc., considerably. This is due to genetic diversity.
• This genetic diversity is essential for a healthy breeding of population of species.
Species Diversity
• This refers to the variety of species. It relates to the number of species in a defined area.
• The diversity of species can be measured through its richness, abundance and types. Some areas are more rich in species than others.
• Areas rich in species diversity are called hotspots of diversity.
Ecosystem Diversity
• The broad differences between ecosystem types and the diversity of habitats and ecological processes occurring within each ecosystem type constitute the ecosystem diversity.
• The ‘boundaries’ of communities and ecosystems are not very rigidly defined. Thus, the demarcation of ecosystem boundaries is difficult and complex.
Importance of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity has contributed in many ways to the development of human culture and, in turn, human communities have played a major role in shaping the diversity of nature at the genetic, species and ecological levels.
• Biodiversity plays the following roles: ecological, economic and scientific.
Ecological Role of Biodiversity
• Every organism, besides extracting its needs, also contributes something of useful to other organisms.
• Species capture and store energy, produce and decompose organic materials, help to cycle water and nutrients throughout the ecosystem, fix atmospheric gases and help regulate the climate. These functions are important for ecosystem function and human survival.
• The more diverse an ecosystem, better are the chances for the species to survive through adversities and attacks, and consequently, is more productive.
Economic Role of Biodiversity
• For all humans, biodiversity is an important resource in their day-to-day life.
• One important part of biodiversity is ‘crop diversity’, which is also called agro-biodiversity.
• Biodiversity is seen as a reservoir of resources to be drawn upon for the manufacture of food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products.
• This concept of biological resources is responsible for the deterioration of biodiversity.
• Some of the important economic commodities that biodiversity supplies to humankind are: food crops, livestock, forests, fish, medicinal resources, etc.
Scientific Role of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is important because each species can give us some clue as to how life evolved and will continue to evolve.
• Biodiversity also helps in understanding how life functions and the role of each species in sustaining ecosystems of which we are also a species.
• The level of biodiversity is a good indicator of the state of our relationships with other living species. In fact, the concept of biodiversity is an integral part of many human cultures.
Loss of biodiversity
• Tropical regions which occupy only about one-fourth of the total area of the world, contain about three- fourth of the world human population. Over- exploitation of resources and deforestation have become rampant to fulfill the needs of large population.
• As these tropical rain forests contain 50 per cent of the species on the earth, destruction of natural habitats have proved disastrous for the entire biosphere.
• Natural calamities such as earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, droughts, etc. cause damage to the flora and fauna of the earth, bringing change the biodiversity of respective affected regions.
• Pesticides and other pollutants such as hydrocarbons and toxic heavy metals destroy the weak and sensitive species.
• Species which are not the natural inhabitants of the local habitat but are introduced into the system, are called exotic species.
• The International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has classified the threatened species of plants and animals into three categories for the purpose of their conservation.
Endangered Species
• It includes those species which are in danger of extinction. The IUCN publishes information about endangered species world-wide as the Red List of threatened species.
• Red Panda — an endangered species
• Zenkeria Sebastinei — a critically endangered grass in Agasthiyamalai peak (India)
Vulnerable Species
• This includes the species which are likely to be in danger of extinction in near future if the factors threatening to their extinction continue.
• Survival of these species is not assured as their population has reduced greatly
Rare Species
• Population of these species is very small in the world; they are confined to limited areas or thinly scattered over a wider area.
Conservation of biodiversity
• Biodiversity is important for human existence. All forms of life are so closely interlinked that disturbance in one gives rise to imbalance in the others.
• There is an urgent need to educate people to adopt environment-friendly practices and reorient their activities in such a way that our development is harmonious with other life forms and is sustainable.
• There is an increasing consciousness of the fact that such conservation with sustainable use is possible only with the involvement and cooperation of local communities and individuals. For this, the development of institutional structures at local levels is necessary.
• The critical problem is not merely the conservation of species nor the habitat but the continuation of process of conservation.
• The Government of India along with 155 other nations have signed the Convention of Biodiversity at the Earth Summit held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992.
• The world conservation strategy has suggested the following steps for biodiversity conservation:
→ Efforts should be made to preserve the species that are endangered.
→ Prevention of extinction requires proper planning and management.
→ Varieties of food crops, forage plants, timber trees, livestock, animals and their wild relatives should be preserved;
→ Each country should identify habitats of wild relatives and ensure their protection.
→ Habitats where species feed, breed, rest and nurse their young should be safeguarded and protected.
→ International trade in wild plants and animals be regulated.
• To protect, preserve and propagate the variety of species within natural boundaries, the Government of India passed the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, under which national parks and sanctuaries were established and biosphere reserves declared.
• There are some countries which are situated in the tropical region, they possess a large number of the world’s species diversity. They are called mega diversity centres.
• There are 12 such countries, namely Mexico, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, emocratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia in which these centres are located.
• Hotspots are defined according to their vegetation. Plants are important because these determine the primary productivity of an ecosystem.
• Most, but not all, of the hotspots rely on species-rich ecosystems for food, firewood, cropland, and income from timber. In Madagascar, for example, about 85 per cent of the plants and animals are found nowhere else in the world.
• Other hotspots in wealthy countries are facing different types of pressures. The islands of Hawaii have many unique plants and animals that are threatened by introduced species and land development.
• Tropical regions which occupy only about one-fourth of the total area of the world, contain about three- fourth of the world human population. Over- exploitation of resources and deforestation have become rampant to fulfill the needs of large population.
• As these tropical rain forests contain 50 per cent of the species on the earth, destruction of natural habitats have proved disastrous for the entire biosphere.
• Natural calamities such as earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, droughts, etc. cause damage to the flora and fauna of the earth, bringing change the biodiversity of respective affected regions.
• Pesticides and other pollutants such as hydrocarbons and toxic heavy metals destroy the weak and sensitive species.
• Species which are not the natural inhabitants of the local habitat but are introduced into the system, are called exotic species.
• The International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has classified the threatened species of plants and animals into three categories for the purpose of their conservation.
Endangered Species
• It includes those species which are in danger of extinction. The IUCN publishes information about endangered species world-wide as the Red List of threatened species.
• Red Panda — an endangered species
• Zenkeria Sebastinei — a critically endangered grass in Agasthiyamalai peak (India)
Vulnerable Species
• This includes the species which are likely to be in danger of extinction in near future if the factors threatening to their extinction continue.
• Survival of these species is not assured as their population has reduced greatly
Rare Species
• Population of these species is very small in the world; they are confined to limited areas or thinly scattered over a wider area.
Conservation of biodiversity
• Biodiversity is important for human existence. All forms of life are so closely interlinked that disturbance in one gives rise to imbalance in the others.
• There is an urgent need to educate people to adopt environment-friendly practices and reorient their activities in such a way that our development is harmonious with other life forms and is sustainable.
• There is an increasing consciousness of the fact that such conservation with sustainable use is possible only with the involvement and cooperation of local communities and individuals. For this, the development of institutional structures at local levels is necessary.
• The critical problem is not merely the conservation of species nor the habitat but the continuation of process of conservation.
• The Government of India along with 155 other nations have signed the Convention of Biodiversity at the Earth Summit held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992.
• The world conservation strategy has suggested the following steps for biodiversity conservation:
→ Efforts should be made to preserve the species that are endangered.
→ Prevention of extinction requires proper planning and management.
→ Varieties of food crops, forage plants, timber trees, livestock, animals and their wild relatives should be preserved;
→ Each country should identify habitats of wild relatives and ensure their protection.
→ Habitats where species feed, breed, rest and nurse their young should be safeguarded and protected.
→ International trade in wild plants and animals be regulated.
• To protect, preserve and propagate the variety of species within natural boundaries, the Government of India passed the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, under which national parks and sanctuaries were established and biosphere reserves declared.
• There are some countries which are situated in the tropical region, they possess a large number of the world’s species diversity. They are called mega diversity centres.
• There are 12 such countries, namely Mexico, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, emocratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia in which these centres are located.
• Hotspots are defined according to their vegetation. Plants are important because these determine the primary productivity of an ecosystem.
• Most, but not all, of the hotspots rely on species-rich ecosystems for food, firewood, cropland, and income from timber. In Madagascar, for example, about 85 per cent of the plants and animals are found nowhere else in the world.
• Other hotspots in wealthy countries are facing different types of pressures. The islands of Hawaii have many unique plants and animals that are threatened by introduced species and land development.