Nationalism and Imperialism - Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 History
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Nationalism and Imperialism - Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 History
• By the last the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nationalism lost its liberal-democratic values. The major European powers started manipulating the nationalist aspirations of their peoples in Europe to fulfil own imperialist aims.
• The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
• A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire which was a vast empire comprising of various races, cultures, languages and religions. The ruling class was Islamic and its majority of subjects were Christians and Jews.
• The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
• All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but it received very little success in doing this. Its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence one by one.
• The different Slavic peoples were struggling to gain independence and define their identity the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. They were also fighting against each other to gain more territory by occupying others territories.
• The Ottoman Empire was described as the 'sick man of Europe' as its economy was struggling and also losing its territories in the wars against European powers.
• During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military power. The Balkan area became a scene of their rivalry.
• Each power such as Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary started showing their interest by countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
• The nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.
Development of Nationalism
• Many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European powers in the nineteenth century started opposing imperial domination.
• The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist as they all struggled to form independent nation-states and they were inspired by a sense of collective national unity.