The Civil Disobedience Movement - Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Class 10 History
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The Civil Disobedience Movement - Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Class 10 History
• The Salt March marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
→ People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, as they had done in 1921-22, but also to break colonial laws. Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
• As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned, and in many places forest people violated forest laws by going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
• Worried by the developments, the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one which led to violent clashes in many palaces.
• Under the leadership of Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi popularly known as the Frontier Gandhi, people struggled in North West Frontier Province. The arrest of Abdul Ghaffar Khan in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.
→ A month later after this incidence, Gandhi himself was arrested.
→ In Sholapur, Maharashtra, industrial workers attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations and all structures that symbolised British rule.
→ The British government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested.
• Seeing the violence, Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off the movement.
• He entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji agreed to participate in a Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.
• The Congress had boycotted the First Round Table Conference convened in London in November, 1930 to consider the recommendations of the Simon Commission.
• In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.
• Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression. Ghaffar Khan
and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
• Mahatma Gandhi again started the Civil Disobedience Movement. For over a year, the movement continued, but by 1934 it lost its momentum.